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Hydrological Instruments

`Kaizen imperial is a devoted manufacturer, exporter and supplier of hydrological instruments that are manufactured using cutting edge technology. Kaizens engineer makes use of qualitative raw materials for the production of muffle furnace that ensure high quality and performance. We do provide the customized rectangular muffle furnace in various specifications as per clients demand. The advantages of purchasing the furnance from kaizens shop are that the product is light weight having compact design that ensures high performance and long life service. Our range of hydrological instruments also includes Water Level Recorder, Water Current Meter, Portable Ultrasonic Flow Meter, Suspended Sediment Semplier and more. Kaizen Imperial is small Industries of different nature are now its regular customers and has also earned accolades from all customers for its excellence.

Our expertise keeps in view the inch of requirement to prepare the products which includes the following specification.

Specification:

  • Main lead with power plug to work on 220 or 230 V
  • The energy regulator dial is arbitrarily marked 0-100 position
  • Indicated control level i.e. at position 100 max
  • Max temp. 950 degree C
  • Working temperature 900 degree C

Sediment Silt Sampler (Punjab Type)

  • Equipment Type
  • Sediment Silt Sampler
  • Accuracy
  • Dependent on manual operation and sampling technique
  • Application
  • Collecting sediment and silt samples from rivers and water bodies
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Capacity
  • Up to 1 litre silt volume
  • Control Mode
  • Manual operation
  • Display Type
  • None
  • Frequency
  • Sampling frequency as per requirement
  • Hardness
  • Mild steel/Brass construction, moderately hard
  • Interface Type
  • None
  • Machine Weight
  • Approx. 2.5 kg
  • Max Height
  • Approx. 25 cm (sampler body)
  • Measuring Range
  • Silt/soil sediment fractions as per Punjab design
  • Mounting Type
  • Handheld/Portable
  • Number of Specimens
  • Single sample or as required
  • Operating Voltage
  • Not required
  • Port Size
  • Standard silt sampler port
  • Power Supply
  • Not required (manual)
  • Response Time
  • Immediate (upon deployment)
  • Specimen Size
  • On average, 500 to 1000 ml
  • Test Range
  • Applicable for river silt collection
  • Usage
  • Field sampling of water body sediments

Universal Water Current Meter

  • Equipment Type
  • Water Current Meter
  • Accuracy
  • 2% of reading
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Control Mode
  • Manual (mechanical type)
  • Display Type
  • Mechanical dial/revolution counter
  • Frequency
  • Not electronically operated
  • Hardness
  • Corrosion resistant body
  • Interface Type
  • None (mechanical recording)
  • Machine Weight
  • 1.5 kg (approx)
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.03 to 3.5 m/sec
  • Mounting Type
  • Suspended by wire or rod
  • Operating Voltage
  • Not required
  • Power Supply
  • None (Mechanical Operation)
  • Resolution
  • 0.01 m/sec
  • Response Time
  • <2 seconds
  • Usage
  • Hydrological surveys and field velocity measurement

Water Level Indicator

  • Equipment Type
  • Electronic Water Level Indicator
  • Accuracy
  • High, up to 2%
  • Application
  • Water level monitoring in tanks
  • Automation Grade
  • Automatic
  • Control Mode
  • Automatic
  • Display Type
  • LED Indication
  • Frequency
  • 50 Hz
  • Machine Weight
  • 250 g
  • Max Height
  • Supports up to 40 feet tank
  • Measuring Range
  • Senses multiple water levels (e.g., Full, Half, Low)
  • Mounting Type
  • Wall Mounted
  • Operating Voltage
  • 230V AC
  • Power Supply
  • 230V AC, 50 Hz
  • Resolution
  • Step indication (as per sensor placing)
  • Response Time
  • Instantaneous (LED ON/OFF as per level)
  • Temperature
  • 0C to 50C
  • Usage
  • Residential, Commercial, and Industrial water tanks

Clamp On Portable Ultrasonic Flow Meter

  • Equipment Type
  • Clamp On Portable Ultrasonic Flow Meter
  • Accuracy
  • 1% of reading
  • Application
  • Liquid flow measurement in pipes
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Control Mode
  • Manual
  • Display Type
  • LCD with backlight
  • Frequency
  • Standard: 1 MHz (other frequencies available by sensor type)
  • Gas Pressure
  • Up to 1.6 MPa
  • Machine Weight
  • 2.4 kg (including battery)
  • Mounting Type
  • Clamp on (transducer attached to outside of pipe)
  • Operating Voltage
  • 7.4 V
  • Port Size
  • DN15 to DN6000 (with suitable transducers)
  • Resolution
  • 0.25 mm/s
  • Response Time
  • 500 ms
  • Usage
  • Portable flow measurement of liquids

Echo Sounder

  • Equipment Type
  • Echo Sounder
  • Accuracy
  • 0.2% of full scale
  • Control Mode
  • Manual/Automatic
  • Display Type
  • Digital LCD Display
  • Features
  • Waterproof, Backlit display, Low power consumption
  • Frequency
  • 200 kHz
  • Machine Weight
  • 2 kg approx.
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.5 to 200 meters
  • Mounting Type
  • Panel mount or Handheld
  • Operating Voltage
  • 12V DC
  • Port Size
  • Standard
  • Power Supply
  • 12V DC or 220V AC Adapter
  • Resolution
  • 0.01 m
  • Response Time
  • < 1 second
  • Usage
  • Hydrography, Marine surveys
With firm foot in the industry, we were established with commitment to deliver best quality Echo Sounder. This equipment comes with high resolution color LCD that offers our customers clear viewing. In addition to this, the hardness of bottom is indicated by digit and graph that help in finding fish efficiently. As a prominent company, we make sure that these instruments are quality checked by our team of experts. Some attributes of this Echo Sounder are as follows:

Propeller Type Water Current Meter

  • Equipment Type
  • Propeller Type Water Current Meter
  • Accuracy
  • 2% of reading
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Control Mode
  • Manual
  • Display Type
  • Mechanical counter (digital display with revolution counting)
  • Features
  • Lightweight, portable, robust & corrosion resistant, suitable for fieldwork
  • Frequency
  • Propeller rotation captured/measured per revolution
  • Humidity
  • 0100% RH (adapted for outdoor use)
  • Machine Weight
  • Approx. 1.2 kg (excluding cable and accessories)
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.03 m/s to 6.0 m/s
  • Mounting Type
  • Suspension by cable, wading rod or bridge support
  • Resolution
  • 0.01 m/s
  • Response Time
  • Immediate (as per propeller rotation)
  • Usage
  • Field and laboratory measurement of water current velocity

Pygmy Size Water Current Meter

  • Equipment Type
  • Pygmy Size Water Current Meter
  • Accuracy
  • 0.01 m/sec
  • Application
  • Measuring low water current velocities in streams, rivers, and open channels
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Control Mode
  • Manual
  • Features
  • Lightweight, portable, corrosion resistant, includes wading rod and carrying case
  • Frequency
  • 1 count per revolution
  • Machine Weight
  • Approx. 1 kg
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.03 to 0.9 m/sec
  • Operating Voltage
  • Not required
  • Power Supply
  • Not Required (Mechanical Operation)
  • Resolution
  • 0.01 m/sec
  • Response Time
  • Instantaneous (on rotation)
  • Test Range
  • 0.03 to 0.9 m/sec

Radar Type Water Level Recorder

MOQ : 1 Unit

  • Equipment Type
  • Radar Type Water Level Recorder
  • Accuracy
  • 2 mm
  • Application
  • Continuous water level measurement in tanks, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and industrial applications
  • Automation Grade
  • Automatic
  • Control Mode
  • Automatic/Remote
  • Display Type
  • Digital/LCD
  • Frequency
  • 24 GHz
  • Machine Weight
  • Approx. 3 kg
  • Max Height
  • 35 meters
  • Measuring Range
  • Up to 35 m
  • Mounting Type
  • Top Mount/Flange Mount
  • Port Size
  • Standard Mount Flange/Threaded
  • Resolution
  • 1 mm
  • Response Time
  • <3 seconds
  • Usage
  • Industrial, Environmental Monitoring

Cup Type Water Current Meter

  • Equipment Type
  • Cup Type Water Current Meter
  • Accuracy
  • 2% of reading
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Capacity
  • Continuous measurement
  • Control Mode
  • Manual operation
  • Display Type
  • Mechanical counter/disc
  • Features
  • Rustproof cups, portable frame, easy reading
  • Hardness
  • Cup made of corrosion resistant metal
  • Interface Type
  • Mechanical output (no electronic interface)
  • Machine Weight
  • 2.5 kg (approx.)
  • Max Height
  • Probe length up to 850 mm
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.03 to 3.5 m/s
  • Mounting Type
  • Suspended/supported in water channel
  • Number of Specimens
  • Single stream or channel
  • Operating Voltage
  • Not required
  • Power Supply
  • Not required (mechanical operation)
  • Resolution
  • 0.01 m/s
  • Response Time
  • Instantaneous (upon water flow)
  • Temperature
  • 0C to 50C operating range
  • Test Range
  • 0.03 to 3.5 m/s
  • Test Speed
  • 0.03 to 3.5 m/s (water velocity measurement)
  • Usage
  • Field measurement

Digital Depth Sounder

  • Equipment Type
  • Digital Depth Sounder
  • Accuracy
  • 0.1 meter
  • Automation Grade
  • Automatic
  • Control Mode
  • Automatic
  • Display Type
  • Digital (Backlit LCD)
  • Features
  • Waterproof housing, automatic gain adjustment, shallow/deep alarm
  • Frequency
  • 200 kHz
  • Humidity
  • < 90% RH
  • Interface Type
  • Wired
  • Machine Weight
  • 1.5 kg
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.8 to 100 meters
  • Operating Voltage
  • 12V DC
  • Port Size
  • Standard
  • Power Supply
  • 12V DC
  • Resolution
  • 0.1 meter
  • Response Time
  • Real time
  • Usage
  • Depth measurement for boats/ships

Digital Water Level Recorder

  • Equipment Type
  • Digital Water Level Recorder
  • Accuracy
  • 0.1% of Full Scale
  • Application
  • Water Level Monitoring, Borewell, Reservoirs, Tanks, Rivers
  • Automation Grade
  • Automatic
  • Capacity
  • Suitable for small/medium tanks or wells
  • Control Mode
  • Digital Microcontroller Based
  • Display Type
  • LCD Digital Display
  • Frequency
  • 50 Hz
  • Machine Weight
  • 3.5 kg approx
  • Max Height
  • Up to 10 meters (Customizable)
  • Mounting Type
  • Wall/Panel Mount
  • Number of Specimens
  • Single Point Measurement
  • Operating Voltage
  • 12V DC/230V AC
  • Port Size
  • 1/2 inch NPT
  • Power Supply
  • 230V AC, 50Hz
  • Resolution
  • 1 mm
  • Response Time
  • < 1 Second
  • Usage
  • Automatic Continuous Water Level Recording

Water Level Sensor ( Pressure Type)

  • Equipment Type
  • Water Level Sensor (Pressure Type)
  • Accuracy
  • 0.5% F.S
  • Application
  • Water level detection in tanks, pools, wells, reservoirs
  • Automation Grade
  • Automatic
  • Capacity
  • Up to 10 Bar (for reference)
  • Display Type
  • No inbuilt display (can be connected to remote monitor)
  • Features
  • Submersible, Rustproof, IP68 enclosure, overvoltage protection
  • Machine Weight
  • Approximately 600 g
  • Max Height
  • Custom Up to 30 meters (on request)
  • Measuring Range
  • 05 m, 010 m, 020 m (customizable)
  • Mounting Type
  • Submersible/flange mount
  • Operating Voltage
  • 924 VDC
  • Port Size
  • G1/4 (default), customizable
  • Power Supply
  • 924 VDC
  • Resolution
  • 1 cm
  • Response Time
  • 50 ms
  • Usage
  • Liquid/water level measurement by pressure method

Water Velocity Indicator

  • Equipment Type
  • Water Velocity Indicator
  • Accuracy
  • 2% of reading
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Control Mode
  • Manual
  • Display Type
  • Digital LCD
  • Features
  • Portable, lightweight, waterproof probe, digital reading, easy calibration
  • Humidity
  • 0100% RH (operating)
  • Machine Weight
  • 1.5 kg (approx.)
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.01 9.99 m/s
  • Mounting Type
  • Handheld
  • Power Supply
  • Rechargeable battery or 220V AC
  • Resolution
  • 0.01 m/s
  • Response Time
  • 1 second
  • Temperature
  • 0C to 55C (operating)
  • Test Range
  • 0.01 to 9.99 m/s
  • Test Speed
  • Up to 5 m/s
  • Test Width
  • Standard with probe cable 15 m
  • Usage
  • Hydrological surveys, field research, environmental monitoring

Water Ph Meter

  • Accuracy
  • 0.01 pH
  • Application
  • Measuring pH value of water
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Control Mode
  • Manual
  • Display Type
  • Digital LCD
  • Features
  • Automatic temperature compensation, portable, easy calibration
  • Humidity
  • 0-80% (non-condensing)
  • Interface Type
  • Direct immersion
  • Machine Weight
  • Approximately 120g
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.00 - 14.00 pH
  • Mounting Type
  • Handheld
  • Operating Voltage
  • 4.5V
  • Power Supply
  • 3 x 1.5V AAA batteries
  • Resolution
  • 0.01 pH
  • Response Time
  • <10 seconds
  • Temperature
  • 0 to 60C
  • Usage
  • Water quality testing

Water Conductivity Meter

  • Equipment Type
  • Handheld Conductivity Meter
  • Accuracy
  • 1% F.S.
  • Application
  • Water conductivity measurement
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Control Mode
  • Manual
  • Display Type
  • LCD Digital Display
  • Features
  • Auto Calibration, Temperature Compensation, Low Battery Indication
  • Humidity
  • Relative humidity 85%
  • Machine Weight
  • Approx. 180 g (including batteries)
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.00-19.99 S/cm, 20.0-199.9 S/cm, 200-1999 S/cm, 2.00-19.99 mS/cm, 20.0-199.9 mS/cm
  • Mounting Type
  • Handheld
  • Operating Voltage
  • 3V (2 x 1.5V AAA batteries)
  • Power Supply
  • 2 X 1.5V AAA batteries
  • Resolution
  • 0.01/0.1/1 S/cm or mS/cm
  • Response Time
  • 2s
  • Temperature
  • Operating: 0-50C
  • Test Range
  • 0-19.99 mS/cm, 20.0-199.9 mS/cm
  • Usage
  • On-site water quality analysis

Calcium Meter

  • Equipment Type
  • Handheld Calcium Meter
  • Accuracy
  • 2% F.S.
  • Application
  • Measurement of calcium in liquids such as water or serum
  • Automation Grade
  • Semi-Automatic
  • Capacity
  • Accurately suited for lab use
  • Control Mode
  • Digital Control
  • Display Type
  • LCD Display
  • Features
  • Portable, easy-to-use, fast measurement
  • Frequency
  • On demand
  • Gas Pressure
  • 0.1-0.3 MPa
  • Hardness
  • Calcium ion-specific measurement
  • Humidity
  • 20% - 85% RH
  • Interface Type
  • Direct keypad operation
  • Machine Weight
  • 1.2 kg
  • Max Height
  • 150 mm
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.00 to 20.00 mmol/L
  • Mounting Type
  • Handheld
  • Number of Specimens
  • Single sample/s each operation
  • Operating Voltage
  • DC 9V Battery
  • Port Size
  • 6 mm
  • Power Supply
  • 220V AC, 50/60Hz
  • Resolution
  • 0.01 mmol/L
  • Response Time
  • < 5 seconds
  • Specimen Size
  • 2 ml sample volume
  • Temperature
  • 10C - 40C
  • Test Range
  • 0.00 to 20.00 mmol/L
  • Test Speed
  • Adjustable
  • Test Stroke
  • Auto
  • Test Width
  • Standard Sample Size
  • Usage
  • Calcium concentration analysis

Salt Meter

  • Equipment Type
  • Digital Salt Meter
  • Accuracy
  • 0.05%
  • Application
  • Salinity measurement in food, water, and laboratory samples
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Control Mode
  • Manual
  • Display Type
  • LCD digital display
  • Features
  • Easy to use, portable, low power consumption, auto shut-off
  • Gas Pressure
  • Ambient
  • Humidity
  • 0 to 80% RH (non-condensing)
  • Interface Type
  • Push-button control
  • Machine Weight
  • 350g
  • Max Height
  • 15cm
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.00% to 5.00% salt
  • Mounting Type
  • Handheld
  • Number of Specimens
  • Single specimen
  • Operating Voltage
  • 3V (2 x AAA batteries)
  • Power Supply
  • 2 x 1.5V AAA Batteries
  • Resolution
  • 0.01%
  • Response Time
  • <2 seconds
  • Specimen Size
  • Liquid Sample, 1-2 drops
  • Temperature
  • 0C to 50C operating
  • Test Range
  • 0.01% to 5.00% salt
  • Test Speed
  • Instantaneous / <2 sec
  • Usage
  • Measure salt concentration in liquids

Bench Top Water Ph Water Quality Analyzer

  • Equipment Type
  • Bench Top Water pH Water Quality Analyzer
  • Accuracy
  • 0.01 pH
  • Application
  • Water quality, laboratory & industrial analysis
  • Automation Grade
  • Automatic
  • Control Mode
  • Manual & Automatic
  • Display Type
  • Digital LCD
  • Features
  • Automatic temperature compensation, calibration, compact design, easy operation
  • Frequency
  • 50Hz
  • Humidity
  • 85% RH
  • Interface Type
  • RS232 or USB (depends on model)
  • Machine Weight
  • Approx 2.5 kg
  • Measuring Range
  • pH: 0.00 ~ 14.00
  • Mounting Type
  • Table Top
  • Number of Specimens
  • Single Sample
  • Operating Voltage
  • AC 220V
  • Port Size
  • Standard BNC Electrode Connector
  • Power Supply
  • AC 220V 10%, 50Hz
  • Resolution
  • 0.01 pH
  • Response Time
  • 30 sec
  • Temperature
  • 5C 40C
  • Test Range
  • 0.00 14.00 pH
  • Usage
  • Laboratory / Water Analysis

Export Quality Water Level Indicator

  • Equipment Type
  • Electronic Water Level Indicator
  • Accuracy
  • 2% FSR
  • Application
  • Water tank level measurement, motor auto cut-off
  • Automation Grade
  • Semi-Automatic
  • Capacity
  • Up to 10,000 Litres
  • Control Mode
  • Manual/Auto
  • Display Type
  • LED display
  • Features
  • Export quality, corrosion resistant, multi-level indication, overflow alarm
  • Frequency
  • 50 Hz
  • Humidity
  • 10% - 95% RH
  • Interface Type
  • Wired
  • Machine Weight
  • 380 grams
  • Max Height
  • 3 meters
  • Measuring Range
  • Full to empty
  • Mounting Type
  • Wall/Panel mount
  • Operating Voltage
  • 220V AC
  • Port Size
  • 1/2 inch
  • Power Supply
  • 220-240V AC
  • Resolution
  • Step-level
  • Response Time
  • <1 second
  • Temperature
  • -10C to 55C
  • Usage
  • Water storage tank monitoring

Cableway System For Water Current Meter

  • Equipment Type
  • Cableway System for Water Current Meter
  • Accuracy
  • 1% (as related to positioning)
  • Application
  • Measuring water velocity and discharge in rivers and canals
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Capacity
  • Load carrying up to 7 kg (current meter and accessories)
  • Control Mode
  • Manual (Hand-driven winch and trolley)
  • Display Type
  • Analog scale indicator for trolley position
  • Features
  • Corrosion resistant cables, robust construction, portable design, easy assembly/disassembly
  • Frequency
  • N/A (manual operation)
  • Gas Pressure
  • N/A (Not applicable)
  • Hardness
  • Cable tensile strength 1200 N/mm
  • Humidity
  • 0100% RH (operational in outdoor environments)
  • Interface Type
  • Mechanical interface for meter attachment
  • Machine Weight
  • Approx. 35 kg (excluding accessories)
  • Max Height
  • Cable height adjustable up to 8 m above water
  • Measuring Range
  • Span width up to 100 m
  • Mounting Type
  • Suspended cable system over water body
  • Number of Specimens
  • One current meter at a time
  • Operating Voltage
  • N/A (manual)
  • Port Size
  • N/A (Not applicable)
  • Power Supply
  • Not required (manual operation)
  • Resolution
  • Fine positioning via hand winch; trolley manual precision
  • Response Time
  • Immediate, depends on manual operation
  • Specimen Size
  • Compatible with standard current meter size
  • Temperature
  • -10C to 50C (operational range)
  • Test Range
  • Across water bodies up to 100 m wide
  • Test Speed
  • Manually controlled, up to 0.5 m/s (trolley travel speed)
  • Test Stroke
  • Full span crossing
  • Test Width
  • Span up to 100 m (depending on cable length)
  • Usage
  • Field hydrometry, discharge investigation, water velocity study

Bottle Sampler

  • Equipment Type
  • Bottle Sampler
  • Accuracy
  • 0.5% (for sample volume repeatability)
  • Application
  • Sampling liquid or powder from bottles
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Capacity
  • Single Bottle
  • Control Mode
  • Manual
  • Display Type
  • No digital display
  • Features
  • Portable, easy to clean, chemically resistant
  • Hardness
  • High (Stainless Steel Construction)
  • Humidity
  • Up to 85% RH (Recommended)
  • Interface Type
  • Manual interface
  • Machine Weight
  • 7 kg
  • Max Height
  • 350 mm
  • Measuring Range
  • Adjustable. Depends on probe length
  • Mounting Type
  • Handheld
  • Number of Specimens
  • 1 at a time
  • Port Size
  • Standard 28 mm / Customizable
  • Power Supply
  • Not Required (Hand-Operated)
  • Resolution
  • 1 ml
  • Response Time
  • Immediate
  • Specimen Size
  • Up to 350 mm height
  • Temperature
  • 5C - 45C Operating Range
  • Test Range
  • 100 ml to 2 L bottles
  • Test Speed
  • Manual Operation
  • Test Stroke
  • 50 mm
  • Test Width
  • Up to 25 mm bottle neck
  • Usage
  • Laboratory, Food, Chemical sampling

Water Velocity Logger

  • Equipment Type
  • Handheld Water Velocity Logger
  • Accuracy
  • 2% of reading
  • Application
  • Measuring velocity in open channels, pipelines, environmental water monitoring
  • Automation Grade
  • Automatic
  • Control Mode
  • Digital
  • Display Type
  • Digital LCD
  • Features
  • Data Logging, Backlit Display, USB Export, Waterproof probe
  • Frequency
  • 1 Hz
  • Humidity
  • 095% RH (Non-condensing)
  • Interface Type
  • USB
  • Machine Weight
  • 1.5 kg
  • Measuring Range
  • 0.015 m/s
  • Mounting Type
  • Portable / Handheld
  • Number of Specimens
  • 1
  • Operating Voltage
  • DC 3.7V
  • Port Size
  • 1/2 inch
  • Power Supply
  • Rechargeable Lithium Battery or External Adapter
  • Resolution
  • 0.01 m/s
  • Response Time
  • <2 seconds
  • Specimen Size
  • Probe: 12 mm x 120 mm
  • Temperature
  • -10C to 50C
  • Test Range
  • Water Velocity 0.015 m/s
  • Test Speed
  • 0.015 m/s
  • Usage
  • Flow measurement

River Staff Gauge

  • Accuracy
  • 2 mm
  • Application
  • River Water Level Measurement, Hydrological Studies, Irrigation, Flood Monitoring
  • Automation Grade
  • Manual
  • Display Type
  • Graduated Scale (Non-Digital)
  • Features
  • Non-corrosive, Weather-resistant, Highly Visible Markings, Easy to Install
  • Max Height
  • 3 meters (customizable)
  • Measuring Range
  • Typically 0 to 3 meters, can be customized
  • Mounting Type
  • Wall, Bridge or Riverbank Mounted
  • Resolution
  • 2 mm or as per markings
  • Response Time
  • Instantaneous
  • Usage
  • Outdoor, Hydrology Applications